География

The first, rather large protected areas in Germany were created in 19th century under the influence of romanticism, requirements to national definition and proceeding from a socioeconomic situation. It occurred before national parks in USA were created and the German nature protection program formed. The article presents those of them which as much as possible resemble modern nature parks in their problems and organization. The history of their development as protected areas is characteristic for Germany thanks to private, public and state initiatives. 

The article is devoted to mapping questions of local semi-desert Saratov Priuzenye geosystems and facilities of cartographical works using for landscape structure identification and it’s variation as a result of anthropogenic load on the territory. Different ages field research, topographical and thematical maps, space images, geoinformation technology’ elements are used in the work. 

Statistical analysis of the most popular and often used laws of distribution, that used for probability estimation of various wind speed: Puasson, normal, longnormal and Viebulla-Gudrich laws with application of Pirson and Kolmogorov criteria was carried out. This law is recommended to use for wind conditions mathematical description for on the south-west of european part of Russian Federation. 

Different methods of characteristic Viebulla-Gudrich distribution estimation for wind speed leveling on the south-west of European part of Russian Federation are considered. For this purpose is recommended to use moments methods and least-squares method, that minimized the volume of calculating works. Distribution characteristics estimated by these methods allow identifying wind speed conditions, mean values and measures of variability on the south-west of European part of Russian Federation. 

The article represents results of scientific-innovation educational centre of geoinformational technologies (GIS-centre) activity. Also briefly reports projects realized by GIS-centre concerning of GIS methodology implementation to Povolzhie’ scientific-production and production organizations and lay down general working trends of the Saratov State University new innovation organization – the interregional centre of space monitoring. 

The article presents the results of laboratory investigation of water samples collected in the summer of 2016 on the rivers of the Soviet district of the Saratov region. A brief analysis of the hydrochemical indicators is given from the point of view of their effect on the water quality of the examined rivers. Based on the results of the analysis, the relevant conclusions were drawn. At some points of sampling, exceeding the values of maximum permissible concentrations for a number of indicators was detected.

The initial period (middle of XVI – late XVIII centuries) of the formation of the demographic and settlement on the territory of modern Saratov region. Territorial expansion of the young Russian centralized state in the Volga region started in the region the process of diffusion material-technical and social innovations, which structured the space, transforming it into the administrative system. Identified spatial and temporal trends, vectors of its development and the factors determining them.

The issues of connection of manufacturing industry of the region and the structure of its exports are considered. Features of export of some regions of the Middle and Lower Volga region during the last two years are analyzed. An assessment of the effectiveness of export activities is given. On the example of the Saratov region shows a change in the structure of exports for the period 2013-2017. The question of possibilities of import substitution in the Saratov region is raised.

The influence of certain meteorological conditions on the conditions and speed of the eolian processes on the Curonian Spit (the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea) is considered. It is shown that the wind conditions are the most influential, especially in the autumn-winter period. The limiting factor is the amount of precipitation. Temperature conditions and relative humidity are not an obstacle for the processes under consideration.

The article presents the results of the geo-ecological state analysis of steppe landscapes of oil and gas fields within the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. As a key parcel were selected polygons with an area of around 100 sq. km each. The digitization of key sites of oil and gas objects location and road transport network has been executed. It has been shown that the most large-scale and widespread changes are disturbances of soil and vegetation cover, which occur as a result of the introduction and operation of the area and linear infrastructure of fields.