География

Introduction. In the modern conditions of development of the tourism industry, the creation of high-quality cartographic support for routes, which helps to increase their attractiveness and information content, is of particular importance. Retrospective analysis of the study area. The city of Saratov, awarded the title of “City of Labor Valor”, has a rich historical and cultural heritage associated with the labor exploits of its residents during the Great Patriotic War. Data and methods.

The increase in illumination levels in populated areas, including as a result of the implementation of several federal projects, has raised concerns about light pollution caused by artificial lighting. This has led to questions about identifying areas and cities where artificial lighting levels have significantly increased, as well as evaluating the impact of this increase on the environment. Light pollution is considered one of the types of physical pollution, and within this framework, it has been analyzed in the context of the Saratov region.

Introduction. The analysis of long-term and intra-annual changes in surface air temperature at the regional level allows us to track longterm trends in global warming and climate change, and is the basis for decision-making in various sectors of the economy. Theoretical analysis. The modern trends were studied in the surface atmosphere and quantitative changes in annual and average seasonal air temperatures in the Saratov region in the 20th–21st centuries under changing climate conditions.

Using the example of several districts of the Middle Angara region, the changes in the system of rural settlements in the taiga zone of the Irkutsk region in the period from the first All-Russian Population Census in 2002 after the collapse of the Soviet Union to the last one in 2021 are revealed. The system-dynamic analysis also touched upon the period of formation of regional settlement systems, which fell during the Soviet period and played a major role in their genesis.

The article examines demographic processes in the transboundary regions (the Russian-Kazakh border area) of Russia and Kazakhstan, which, despite their strategic importance, often remain on the periphery of national policy. The methodological framework is based on a proposed three-level approach (national, regional, local), enabling the identification of both macro-demographic trends and intraregional differentiation.

Monitoring of the condition and species diversity of tree species plays a significant role in the forest resource management. The emergence of high-quality multispectral satellite images opens up opportunities for using information about vegetation in a certain area over a long period of time extracted from images in addition to data obtained as a result of field research.

The study presents the testing and results of simulation modeling of surface flows caused by the results of volcanic activity. An analysis of various rheological models was carried out, with a justification for the effectiveness of the Herschel-Bulkley generalized fluid model as applied to geodynamic processes (lahars, mudflows, rockfalls, etc.). The proposed hypothesis was tested and confirmed its viability based on information about a real event – the eruption of the Chaiten volcano.

The article examines the ecological characteristics of the landscapes along the Pacific Railway route in the Mulam River basin. This project is highly relevant for transportation and logistics infrastructure supporting mineral resource extraction, particularly for increasing exports of high-quality coal from the Elga deposit in South Yakutia to East and Southeast Asia. The railway traverses a remote, uninhabited area with insufficiently studied permafrost landscapes.

The article examines the application of topological concepts for analysing the structure and assessing the compactness of a regional settlement system. A methodology is proposed that adapts classical topological invariants to evaluate real transport-planning networks using OpenStreetMap data, taking into account physical-geographical and legislative constraints. Instead of abstract node connectivity indices in the settlement system graph, a new operational indicator – the “exit index” – is introduced.