География

The purpose of this article is to assess changes in key climatic parameters under conditions of current global warming in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) for the period 1966–2025, for the benefit of the agricultural sector. Statistical processing of 60 years of observation data from 14 meteorological stations revealed a number of patterns in the distribution of key climatic characteristics, enabling an assessment of current climate change trends in the region.

This paper examines the application of deep learning methods for the automatic segmentation of satellite images with the aim of classifying land cover types based on their degree of vegetation cover. Three-channel satellite images and vector polygons annotated by experts were used as input data, including classes such as fields, fallow land, various types of tree and shrub vegetation, water bodies, and man-made objects.

The article examines the features of urbanization processes in Namibia since the beginning of the 20th century. Based on census data from 1921 to 2023, the article analyzes the dynamics of urbanization levels at the national and regional levels. It shows that the differentiation of natural and historical conditions, as well as the specific features of the country’s socio-economic development, have led to a pronounced regional disparity in urbanization processes.

The article examines issues related to the analysis of the geographical distribution of rural settlements “without population” based on the results of the All-Russian Population Censuses of 2002, 2010, and 2020. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the number of such settlements in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan and to identify their geodemographic characteristics.

The study aims to test the hypothesis that spatial differences in the age structure of the Ethiopian population manifest at the state level: notable differences emerge when crossing from one state to another. The research draws on the theory of the spatial diffusion of innovations and the concept of the 2nd demographic transition. For formal verification of the hypothesis two probabilistic models, based on the assessment of the local heterogeneity of the age composition by districts, were constructed.

The aim of the study is to identify relationships between the agrochemical indicators of the arable layer (humus content, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and pH values of exchangeable acidity), field moisture, and spectral characteristics of soils in order to assess the degree of erosion under the conditions of the Chuvash Republic. The studies were carried out at five test sites (14 sampling points) on sod-podzolic soils, gray forest soils, leached chernozems, and their eroded varieties.

In Belgorod, the nature of environmental pollution sources and associated geochemical flows obeys general patterns. However, the city also has specific natural and climatic characteristics, which determine the scientific relevance of studying soil and ground pollution, as well as its practical significance for Belgorod. To identify patterns in the distribution of pollutants across the city, a pairwise comparison (correlation analysis) of macro- and microelement parameters of soil and ground samples was conducted.

The article addresses the pressing issue of assessing and ensuring the spatial viability of municipalities in the extreme environment of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The research aims to develop an original methodological framework for a comprehensive assessment of spatial viability, tailored to the specifics of northern and Arctic territories. The work analyzes theoretical and conceptual foundations, factors, types, and contemporary methods for assessing territorial viability.