The purpose of this article is to assess changes in key climatic parameters under conditions of current global warming in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) for the period 1966–2025, for the benefit of the agricultural sector. Statistical processing of 60 years of observation data from 14 meteorological stations revealed a number of patterns in the distribution of key climatic characteristics, enabling an assessment of current climate change trends in the region. In addition, the fluxes of incoming solar radiation, including photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the dates when average daily temperatures cross 0, 5, 10, and 15°C in spring and autumn, and the sum of positive temperatures during the growing season have been calculated. The use of well-known indices (Budyko, Selyaninov, Pedya, and Sapozhnikova) made it possible to assess the degree of aridity and humidity in the region. The Mezentsev method was used to calculate evaporation and transpiration characteristics for the RT. The study showed that climate warming in the RT in recent decades has been particularly noticeable in winter (in January, the air temperature increase rate reaches 0.86°C/10 years). The average length of the growing season across the territory is 140 days (increasing at a rate of 1.6 days/10 years). Calculations of humidity and aridity indices revealed a trend toward increasing aridity during the growing season, which occurs against a backdrop of an increase in the sum of positive temperatures (by 75.8°C/10 years). An assessment is made of the influence of circulation oscillations on the variability of meteorological parameters. It is shown that, according to forecast estimates from the CMIP6 climate model ensemble, air temperatures in the region will increase until the end of the 21st century (annual by approximately 2°C under the “mild” scenario and by 5°C under the “hard” scenario). A direct (positive) dependence of spring wheat yield on precipitation in the May-June period and an inverse (negative) dependence on June temperature was revealed.